SELECT 
  jmj_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      jmj_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        jmj_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      jmj_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  jmj_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN jmj_categories ON jmj_categories.category_id = jmj_products_categories.category_id 
  AND jmj_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    jmj_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(0, jmj_categories.usergroup_ids) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(1, jmj_categories.usergroup_ids)
  ) 
  AND jmj_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN jmj_products_categories AS product_position_source ON jmj_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 83 
WHERE 
  jmj_products_categories.product_id IN (
    1658, 1064, 1065, 1066, 1067, 1068, 1076, 
    1078, 1079, 1085, 1086, 1087, 1089, 
    1090, 1091, 1092, 1093, 1094, 1096, 
    1097, 1098, 1148, 1573
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  jmj_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.00531

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "61.69"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "1.05"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "jmj_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 120,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "28.46",
              "eval_cost": "0.96",
              "prefix_cost": "29.42",
              "data_read_per_join": "18K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "jmj_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "jmj_test.jmj_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 5,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "4.39",
            "index_condition": "(`jmj_test`.`jmj_products_categories`.`product_id` in (1658,1064,1065,1066,1067,1068,1076,1078,1079,1085,1086,1087,1089,1090,1091,1092,1093,1094,1096,1097,1098,1148,1573))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "25.15",
              "eval_cost": "0.21",
              "prefix_cost": "59.37",
              "data_read_per_join": "16"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "jmj_test.jmj_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 1,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "1.05",
              "eval_cost": "0.21",
              "prefix_cost": "60.64",
              "data_read_per_join": "16"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}