SELECT 
  jmj_products_categories.product_id, 
  GROUP_CONCAT(
    IF(
      jmj_products_categories.link_type = "M", 
      CONCAT(
        jmj_products_categories.category_id, 
        "M"
      ), 
      jmj_products_categories.category_id
    )
  ) AS category_ids, 
  product_position_source.position AS position 
FROM 
  jmj_products_categories 
  INNER JOIN jmj_categories ON jmj_categories.category_id = jmj_products_categories.category_id 
  AND jmj_categories.storefront_id IN (0, 1) 
  AND (
    jmj_categories.usergroup_ids = '' 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(0, jmj_categories.usergroup_ids) 
    OR FIND_IN_SET(1, jmj_categories.usergroup_ids)
  ) 
  AND jmj_categories.status IN ('A', 'H') 
  LEFT JOIN jmj_products_categories AS product_position_source ON jmj_products_categories.product_id = product_position_source.product_id 
  AND product_position_source.category_id = 36 
WHERE 
  jmj_products_categories.product_id IN (
    1654, 1662, 1682, 1675, 1511, 1517, 1523, 
    1526, 1645, 1647, 1670, 1659
  ) 
GROUP BY 
  jmj_products_categories.product_id

Query time 0.02031

JSON explain

{
  "query_block": {
    "select_id": 1,
    "cost_info": {
      "query_cost": "61.18"
    },
    "grouping_operation": {
      "using_temporary_table": true,
      "using_filesort": true,
      "cost_info": {
        "sort_cost": "0.82"
      },
      "nested_loop": [
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "jmj_categories",
            "access_type": "ALL",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "c_status",
              "p_category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 120,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 4,
            "filtered": "4.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "28.46",
              "eval_cost": "0.96",
              "prefix_cost": "29.42",
              "data_read_per_join": "18K"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "category_id",
              "usergroup_ids",
              "status",
              "storefront_id"
            ],
            "attached_condition": "((`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`storefront_id` in (0,1)) and ((`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`usergroup_ids` = '') or find_in_set(0,`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`usergroup_ids`) or find_in_set(1,`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`usergroup_ids`)) and (`jmj_test`.`jmj_categories`.`status` in ('A','H')))"
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "jmj_products_categories",
            "access_type": "ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "3",
            "ref": [
              "jmj_test.jmj_categories.category_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 5,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 0,
            "filtered": "3.44",
            "index_condition": "(`jmj_test`.`jmj_products_categories`.`product_id` in (1654,1662,1682,1675,1511,1517,1523,1526,1645,1647,1670,1659))",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "25.15",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "59.37",
              "data_read_per_join": "13"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "link_type"
            ]
          }
        },
        {
          "table": {
            "table_name": "product_position_source",
            "access_type": "eq_ref",
            "possible_keys": [
              "PRIMARY",
              "pt"
            ],
            "key": "PRIMARY",
            "used_key_parts": [
              "category_id",
              "product_id"
            ],
            "key_length": "6",
            "ref": [
              "const",
              "jmj_test.jmj_products_categories.product_id"
            ],
            "rows_examined_per_scan": 1,
            "rows_produced_per_join": 0,
            "filtered": "100.00",
            "cost_info": {
              "read_cost": "0.82",
              "eval_cost": "0.16",
              "prefix_cost": "60.36",
              "data_read_per_join": "13"
            },
            "used_columns": [
              "product_id",
              "category_id",
              "position"
            ]
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  }
}